Adding the list of references to the end of an academic or scientific document may not be the most interesting aspect of preparing writing for publication or grading, but it is a necessary part of the process. It is essential to ensure that the complete references in your list are correct and thorough so that readers can find the sources you used in your research, and if you are following a particular set of guidelines or instructions, your references must be recorded in the exact ways those guidelines specify. Not all publisher and instructor guidelines are entirely clear, however, but there are certain basic principles for scholarly references that apply to many methods and styles of documentation. The resources I introduce below explain these principles and will help you perfect your list of references no matter what style or guidelines you are observing.
The guidelines provided by academic and scientific journals can be less than clear and thorough in the documentation instructions they offer authors, but much of the information needed to compile an acceptable list of references is usually there in some form. This helpful post lists a number of bibliographical details and patterns to watch for in journal guidelines and sample references to ensure that you produce complete references that will meet the journal’s requirements and achieve a high scholarly standard.
A primary concern when constructing a list of references or bibliography is deciding exactly which bits of information should be included for each book, article or other resource cited in a piece of academic or scientific writing. Publisher or instructor guidelines and the sample references they provide may indicate slight variations, but generally speaking this list of the basic reference components for sources commonly cited in scholarly writing will help you ensure that your references are complete.
If you are using author–date references in your academic or scientific document or perhaps providing documentation in footnotes or endnotes, you will need a list of references in which the items are arranged in alphabetical order. This sounds straightforward, but in practice it can prove difficult to know exactly where to place individual items in an alphabetical list of references. General patterns and rules of alphabetisation are explained in this post and options are offered for sources that present special challenges.
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